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Masadennin (The Little Prince in Bamana)

Experimental online concordance with parallel French and English texts
Masadennin (Le Petit Prince) en bambara : une concordance expérimentale en ligne avec les textes parallèles français et anglais
Masadennin («Маленький принц» на бамана): экспериментальный онлайновый конкорданс с параллельными французским и английским текстами
Andrij Rovenchak and Solomija Buk
p. 117-130

Abstracts

The launch of the online concordance with the parallel texts of The Little Prince in Bamana, French, and English is reported. Two working modes are available: the parallel text output and the output of an interlinearized Bamana text. In the parallel text output, the following search options are accessible: entire wordform, words starting with/ ending in/ containing a given character sequence, and exact phrase search. The search options in the interlinearized output mode also include part of speech, gloss, and lemma, but not the exact phrase search.

The parallel texts in the corpus are aligned by paragraphs, and a simple algorithm to define the position of a corresponding sentence in the French or English text based on the position of the Bamana sentence is suggested. Automated sentence alignment based on the so-called anchor items (most frequent words) is briefly discussed for future applications.

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We are grateful to Valentin Vydrin for providing a copy of the Bamana translation of the novella and for his feedbacks during the compilation of the concordance.

0. Introduction

1Text corpora being large collections of texts in the electronic form supplemented by linguistic annotation have become nearly a principal tool in linguistic studies as they provide solutions to a variety of tasks. A parallel text corpus is composed of source texts and their translations into one or more different languages (McEnery, Xiao, Tono 2006:47; Teubert & Čermáková 2007:73). Such corpora are a powerful tool for interlingual studies in the domain of contrastive linguistics, translatology, linguistic typology, stylistics, linguistics of text, dictionary compilation, etc.

2The documentation of African languages in the form of electronic corpora remains poor. Minor exceptions are Swahili (Schryver 2002; Hurskainen 2004), Amharic (Asker et al. 2011), South African languages (Schryver 2002). References to running corpus projects, though with no details, can be found also for Hausa1, Yorùbá2, Somali3, Lingala and Cilubà4, and sporadically for some other languages. A recent project of Bamana text corpus5 (Vydrin 2008; Davydov 2010; Vydrin 2011; Davydov 2011) is the only one in the field of the Mande languages.

3In the present paper we report the launch of an experimental online tool for the comparative analysis of Bamana texts with The Little Prince (Le petit prince), a famous 1943 novella by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, used as an example. The Bamana translation by Bukari Jara was published in 1989 under the title of Masadennin (De Sɛn Tɛgiziperi 1989).

4This novella is an excellent text for contrastive linguistic studies. Being translated into about two hundred languages and dialects from different language families, it is one of the most translated [secular] texts, if not the most translated indeed. Cross-linguistic comparisons based on The Little Prince were made by Bahrens (2005), Stolz (2007), Rovenchak & Buk (2011).

5The original French text together with the English translation was used in this study alongside the Bamana text. This material should be sufficient to study the functionality of the concordance tool and learn about its possible improvements before similar techniques are applied to a wider set of texts.

1. Text alignment issues

6Texts in parallel corpora can be aligned on different levels: words, phrases or clauses, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, etc. The word level is suitable only for closely related languages and must be done automatically for texts of any significant size, which requires well-elaborated translation-oriented software. On the other hand, the chapter alignment is of little help for any serious analysis. Of the remaining intermediate options, the sentence level is the most typical alignment style for parallel corpora.

7A definition of the sentence suitable for an automated text processing is required. The most natural approach is to apply text splitting on the following punctuation marks: ‘.’ (period), ‘!’ (exclamation mark), ‘?’ (question mark), and ‘…’ (ellipsis) if the following word starts with a capital letter (Kelih & Grzybek 2005). Some drawbacks of such a definition are caused by the use of a period in abbreviations, including initials, but such situations can be handled quite easily (cf. Rudolf 2004:57-71). While capitalization is present in the analyzed text, the above definition should be simplified when working with Bamana texts in general as the use of capital letters is not ubiquitous there. Note that neither the use of capital letters nor punctuation rules were regulated by the 1982 orthography standard (cf. Skattum 2000). Bamana texts written entirely in lowercase are not rare. One should note that a wider set of sentence terminators can be also used when aligning parallel corpus. For instance, ‘:’ (colon) and ‘;’ (semicolon) were added when aligning the English–Inuktitut Parallel Corpus (Martin et al. 2003). Such approach can be useful in particular for texts with numerous occurrences of direct speech.

8In the present study, we stay on the paragraph level so far, with the sentence level to be achieved further. It appears that the alignment of paragraphs cannot be fully automatized, but the required manual work is not very time-consuming.

9We introduce two tags to control the text flow over paragraphs, namely <parbreak> and <noparbreak>. The first one is used if there is a paragraph break in the Bamana or English text but not in the French text. Compare the last paragraph(s) of Chapter IV in the three language versions given in Table 1. Note that the tag </s> is used to mark the end of a sentence.

Table 1: A sample of aligned texts

Bamana

French

English

Bari n’ta fɛ mɔgɔw ka n ka kitabu manamana kalan. </s> <parbreak>

Car je n'aime pas qu'on lise mon livre à la légère. </s>

For I do not want any one to read my book carelessly. </s>

Nin ko kɔrɔw maana bɔli bɛ gan n dusu la cogo min.</s> A san wɔɔrɔ ye nin ye ka ban, kabini n terikɛ taara n’a ka saga ye.</s>

J'éprouve tant de chagrin à raconter ces souvenirs.</s> Il y a six ans déjà que mon ami s'en est allé avec son mouton.</s>

I have suffered too much grief in setting down these memories.</s> Six years have already passed since my friend went away from me, with his sheep.</s>

Ni n bɛ n jija k’a fɔ yan a tun bɛ cogo min, n t’a fɛ ka ɲinɛ a kɔ de.</s> Mɔgɔ ka ɲinɛ i tɛri kɔ, dusukasiko don.</s> Bɛɛ ma deli ka teri mara.</s>

Si j'essaie ici de le décrire, c'est afin de ne pas l'oublier.</s> C'est triste d'oublier un ami.</s> Tout le monde n'a pas eu un ami.</s>

If I try to describe him here, it is to make sure that I shall not forget him.</s> To forget a friend is sad.</s> Not every one has had a friend.</s>

O ni fana n bɛ se ka kɛ i ko mɔgɔ kɔrɔba minw mago tɛ fosi la tugun jatedenw kɔ.</s>

Et je puis devenir comme les grandes personnes qui ne s'intéressent plus qu'aux chiffres.</s>

And if I forget him, I may become like the grown-ups who are no longer interested in anything but figures...</s>
<parbreak>

O fana de kosɔn n ye kiriyɔn ɲɛma buwati kelen san, a ni kiriyɔn gansanw.</s> N si bɛ yɔrɔ min na, ka segin jaɲɛgɛn ma, a ka gɛlɛn, sanko n ma n yɛrɛ sifilɛ fosi la ni miniɲan bosobali ni miniɲan bosolen tɛ, ka n si to sanji wɔɔrɔ la!</s>

C'est donc pour ça encore que j'ai acheté une boîte de couleurs et des crayons.</s> C'est dur de se remettre au dessin, à mon âge, quand on n'a jamais fait d'autres tentatives que celle d'un boa fermé et celle d'un boa ouvert, à l'âge de six ans !</s>

It is for that purpose, again, that I have bought a box of paints and some pencils.</s> It is hard to take up drawing again at my age, when I have never made any pictures except those of the boa constrictor from the outside and the boa constrictor from the inside, since I was six.</s>

N kɔni bɛ n jija ka jaw kɛ minw bɔlen bɛ u tigi fɛ kosɛbɛ.</s> Nka n dalen tɛ a la k’a fɔ n bɛna se.</s> Ja dɔ ka fisa, tɔ kelen bɔlen tɛ a fɛ tugun.</s>

J'essaierai, bien sûr, de faire des portraits le plus ressemblants possible.</s> Mais je ne suis pas tout à fait certain de réussir.</s> Un dessin va, et l'autre ne ressemble plus.</s>

I shall certainly try to make my portraits as true to life as possible.</s> But I am not at all sure of success.</s> One drawing goes along all right, and another has no resemblance to its subject.</s>

N bɛ fili dɔɔnin fana kundama na.</s> Yan, masadennin ka jan kojugu.</s> Yan, a ka dɔgɔ kojugu.</s> N bɛ sigasiga fana a ka finiw ɲɛ na.</s>

Je me trompe un peu aussi sur la taille.</s> Ici le petit prince est trop grand.</s> Là il est trop petit.</s> J'hésite aussi sur la couleur de son costume.</s>

I make some errors, too, in the little prince's height: in one place he is too tall and in another too short.</s> And I feel some doubts about the color of his costume.</s>

O de kosɔn b bɛ mɔmɔli kɛ fan ni fan, ɲɛ ni ɲɛbaliya cɛ.</s>

Alors je tâtonne comme ci et comme ça, tant bien que mal.</s>

So I fumble along as best I can, now good, now bad, and I hope generally fair-to-middling. </s>
<parbreak>

N na fili fana yɔrɔ misɛnnin dɔw la minw ɲɛci ka bon kosɛbɛ.</s> Nka a’ kana jigi n na.</s> N tɛrikɛ tun tɛ fosi ɲɛfɔ.</s>

Je me tromperai enfin sur certains détails plus importants.</s> Mais ça, il faudra me le pardonner.</s> Mon ami ne donnait jamais d'explications.</s>

In certain more important details I shall make mistakes, also.</s> But that is something that will not be my fault.</s> My friend never explained anything to me.</s>

I b’a sɔrɔ a ɲɛ na ne tun ye a ɲɔgɔn dɔ ye.</s> Nka ne kunna ma diya, n tɛ se ka sagaw ye wagande datugulenw kɔnɔ.</s>

Il me croyait peut-être semblable à lui.</s> Mais moi, malheureusement, je ne sais pas voir les moutons à travers les caisses.</s>

He thought, perhaps, that I was like himself.</s> But I, alas, do not know how to see sheep through the walls of boxes.</s>

I b’a sɔrɔ n ni mɔgɔ kɔrɔbaw ka surun ɲɔgɔn na.</s> N kɔrɔlen na kɛ.</s>

Je suis peut-être un peu comme les grandes personnes.</s> J'ai dû vieillir.</s>

Perhaps I am a little like the grown-ups.</s> I have had to grow old.</s>

10A single paragraph in French corresponds to two paragraphs in Bamana and three paragraphs in English. While this situation is not quite typical for the text in general, such differences arise mostly when direct speech is involved, due to different approaches for its written representation, as in the example below (Table 2). Only in the English text does the direct speech trigger a separate paragraph.

Table 2: Aligned excerpts with different representations of direct speech

Bamana

French

English

... N tun b’a fɛ k’a dɔn ni mɔgɔ faamuyalen don.</s> Nka a tigilamɔgɔ tun bɛ n jaabi tuma bɛɛ: "Banfula don".</s> O la sa miniɲanko wo, tufinko wo, n tun t’o si kuma fɔ a ye tugun.</s> ...

... Je voulais savoir si elle était vraiment compréhensive.</s> Mais toujours elle me répondait : "C'est un chapeau."</s> Alors je ne lui parlais ni de serpents boas, ni de forêts vierges, ni d'étoiles.</s> ...

... I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding.</s> But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say: <parbreak> “That is a hat.”</s> <parbreak> Then I would never talk to that person about boa constrictors, or primeval forests, or stars.</s> ...

11The <noparbreak> tag is placed at a point where the French text breaks into paragraphs but the Bamana or English text flows continuously. In the example given in Table 3 paragraphs are separated by blank lines and adjusted for convenience of the Reader. In the corpus, paragraph breaks are simple line feed symbols.

Table 3: Aligned excerpts with different text flow over paragraphs

Bamana

French

English

N ye n ka dakabanabaara jira mɔgɔ kɔrɔbaw la, k’u ɲininka ni n ka ja b’u lasiran.</s>
 

J'ai montré mon chef-d'oeuvre aux grandes personnes et je leur ai demandé si mon dessin leur faisait peur.</s>
 

I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened them.</s> <noparbreak>
 

U ye n jaabi: "Banfula dun bɛ se ka mɔgɔ lasiran cogo di?"</s>

Elles m'ont répondu : "Pourquoi un chapeau ferait-il peur ?"</s>

But they answered: "Frighten?</s> Why should any one be frightened by a hat?"</s>

. . .

. . .

. . .

O la sa, ne dɛsɛra ka n timanadiya, bari n tun kɔrɔtɔlen don ka n ka bolifɛn mɔtɛri waraka; n ye ja in nkininkana.</s> <noparbreak>

Alors, faute de patience, comme j'avais hâte de commencer le démontage de mon moteur, je griffonnai ce dessin-ci.</s>

By this time my patience was exhausted, because I was in a hurry to start taking my engine apart.</s> So I tossed off this drawing.</s>

N ko:

Et je lançai :

And I threw out an explanation with it.</s>

-- Nin ye wagande ye.</s> I bɛ saga min fɛ, a b’a kɔnɔ.</s>

-- Ça c'est la caisse.</s> Le mouton que tu veux est dedans.</s>

“This is only his box.</s> The sheep you asked for is inside.”</s>

12Note that some English examples contain more sentences comparing to the two other language versions.

13An XML-like markup is used in the corpus. Additionally to the three tags described above, some other markup is present in the texts. Except for self-evident meaning of tags <title>, <author>, <dedication>, the tag <c> marks chapters. Below, the beginning of the Bamana text with the markup is shown. Note that texts are coded using Unicode (UTF-8).

<title>Masadennin</title>
<author>Antuwani de S
ɛn TƐGIZIPERI</author>
<subtitle>(Bukari JARA y’a bay
ɛlɛma)</subtitle>
<edition>EditionJamana</edition>
<dedication>
Lew
ɔn Wɛrɛti tɔgɔ la
...
</dedication>
<c>I
Ka ne t
ɔ n sanji wɔɔrɔnan na, don dɔ, n ye ja dakabana dɔ ye kitabu dɔ kɔnɔ, min tun bɛ tu fin kun kan, na tɔgɔ tun ye "Ko yelenw ni kɔ kɛlenw.</s> Miniɲan dɔ tun don, a bɛ ka wara dɔ kunun. Ja ladege filɛ.</s>

2. Concordance implementation

14The concordance can be accessed online at
http://www.ktf.franko.lviv.ua/​~andrij/​science/​LP-bam.html.
The screenshot of the main page is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. The screenshot of the main page of the concordance

Fig. 1. The screenshot of the main page of the concordance

15Technical realization of the online concordance is partly based on some previously developed CGI-scripts in Perl, which were used for different purposes6. In future, texts in the corpus can be automatically converted for usage in some standard tool, e. g., the IMS Open Corpus Workbench7, as soon as a proper hosting is found for it.

16One can work with the concordance in two modes: the parallel text output and the output of an interlinearized Bamana text.

172.1. The search options for the parallel text output include:

  • entire wordform (if this is selected, one can input several wordforms separated by a space, such a query displays the results where at least one wordform is found);

  • words starting with a given character sequence;

  • words containing a given character sequence (this requires at least two characters in the query);

  • words ending in a given character sequence;

  • exact phrase search.

18Presently, only the Bamana text can be searched. Expansion for the two other languages can be implemented in future without much effort.

19A simple type assistant is provided to facilitate (via the copy-paste procedure) the input of the non-ASCII characters, namely: Ɛ / ɛ, Ɔ / ɔ, Ɲ / ɲ, Ŋ / ŋ, Ʃ / ʃ. The latter is a now-obsolete letter; in the novella text it appears only in the root ʃɛ (modern sɛ̀) ‘hen’ in the words ʃɛw ‘hen-PL’ and ʃɛɲinitɔ ‘≈ looking-for-hen’.

Fig. 2. A sample output with three parallel text versions

Fig. 2. A sample output with three parallel text versions

20The search queries can also contain some standard regular expressions. Namely, wildcards are used: a period ‘.’ or question mark ‘?’ matches a single character, while an asterisk ‘*’ matches any (including zero) substring. For instance, the query ‘m.g.’ matches both mɔgɔ and mago. To match the respective punctuation marks, an escape character ‘\’ is required: ‘\.’ for the period and ‘\?’ for the question mark.

21A sample output for the query “wordforms starting with masa” is shown in Figure 2.

22For the concordance, we use the form of output known as KWAL (key word and line), which can allow several lines of context either side of the key word (McEnery & Wilson 2001:198). The sentence containing the matched item is shown together with the sentence immediately preceding it and the sentence immediately following it (unless the item appears in the last sentence of a paragraph).

23By ticking appropriate boxes one can choose the option of showing either both the French original and the English translation alongside the Bamana translation, one (French or English) text alongside the Bamana translation, or the sole Bamana text.

24As the paragraphs can contain different number of sentences, we used a simple algorithm to define the position of a corresponding sentence in the French or English text based on the position of the Bamana sentence. Assume the respective paragraph in Bamana contains NBM sentences, the French one has NFR sentences, and the English one has NEN sentences. Let the matched item be found in the jth sentence of the Bamana paragraph, denote it as jBM. We then calculate the respective points (jFR and jEN) in the French and English text as follows:

jFR = jBM / NBM × NFR ; jEN = jBM / NBM × NEN

25and round them to the closest integer. The output of the concordance then consists of the sentences number jBM – 1, jBM, jBM + 1 (Bamana text); jFR – 1, jFR, jFR + 1 (French text); and jEN – 1, jEN, jEN + 1 (English text). Note that the zeroth position corresponds to the last sentence of the preceding paragraph.

26While such an approach results in some inconsistencies of the parallel texts, the output scope of three sentences significantly eliminates such a drawback. Another typical solution is the insertion of empty sentences to equal the paragraphs lengths (cf. Yang & Li 2004), but this must be done manually so far.

  • 8 This electronic version was kindly provided by the Saint-Petersburg group working on the Mande corp (...)

272.2. For the mode of interlinearized output the Bamana text was preprocessed using the Bamadaba lexical database derived from the electronic version of Bailleul’s dictionary8 (Bailleul 2000). Such a procedure is generally known as tagging as it results in each text item (typically word, number, and punctuation mark) being supplied with a tag, i. e. a set describing item’s part of speech, gloss, lemma, etc. depending on the need of the study. We will not go deep into technicalities of the tagging here as this goes beyond the scope of the paper. The following sentence is provided as an example: Wa n ye masadennin dɔn nin cogo in de la. ‘And that is how I made the acquaintance of the little prince’.

Wa<prt|prt|v&bon|Q|aller&wà|wá|wà> n<pers&je&ń>
ye<pm|v|pp|pm|cop&PFV.TR|voir|PP|IMP|EQU&yé|yé|yé|yé|yé>
masadennin<n=n=n=mrph=n=n.mrph&petit_prince=roi=enfant=DIM=prin
ce=enfant.DIM&masadennin=màsa=dén=nin=masaden=den.nin> d
ɔn<n|v|n|v|n&connaissance|danser|danse|connaître|gui&dɔ́n|dɔ̀n|dɔ̀n|
d
ɔ́n|dɔ́n> nin<dtm/prn&DEM&nìn> cogo<n&manière&cógo>
in<dtm&DEF&ìn> de<prt&FOC&dè>
la<conj|intj|pp&POSS|ce.n'est.pas..vrai|dans&lá|lá|lá>
.<punct&FSTOP&.> </s>

28The tags read <PoS&gloss&lemma>, with variants separated by vertical stroke “|” and compound structure shown by means of “=”.

29The search options in the interlinearized output mode slightly differ from the first mode of parallel output. Namely, the exact phrase search is substituted with the following three options:

  • part of speech;

  • gloss (presently, given in French);

  • lemma.

Fig. 3. A sample output of the interlinearized text

Fig. 3. A sample output of the interlinearized text

30The output for the query étoile ‘star’ in the gloss field is shown in Figure 3. Note how the compounds are listed in the respective fields. For simplicity, the search was run as .toile using a wildcard to substitute an accented letter.

31Since the Bamana text has no tone marks, there would be typically several options to gloss a word. Taking into account also possible homonyms, this would increase the number of glossing variants enormously in some cases. A special parameter was set to control this number; its default value is 3 and can be changed before running a query if desired.

32As one can see from the given sample, the tagging procedure was quite straightforward, for instance, the contracted forms (like b’a, n’a, etc.) were not recognized. The words missing from the dictionary are marked with DUMMY in the gloss field and undef in the part-of-speech field.

3. Prospects toward an automated sentence alignment.

33The problem of an automated sentence alignment is the next task to be solved. As the analysis presented in Section 1 shows, the paragraph level requires manual preprocessing in some cases. This stage can be skipped by proceeding directly to the sentence level. Algorithms of sentence alignment are extensively discussed in the literature (cf. Gale & Church 1993; Melamed 1999; Fattah et al. 2007 and references therein). In this work, we would like to consider the alignment procedure based on the so-called anchor items. As suggested below, a hybrid approach is used to define anchor items, with statistical preprocessing of texts and further linguistic analysis of the obtained data.

34Two types of anchor items can be identified (Gale & Church 1993; Martin et al. 2003). First, these are words containing numbers or pure numerical sequences of characters. Such items are not frequent in ordinary texts, and where the same item occurs in parallel texts it is the sign to identify the respective sentences as corresponding to one another. Very frequent words are the second type of anchor items. They can be defined from frequency analysis of the languages involved in the alignment problem. We have compiled the data on word frequencies in the three language versions of The Little Prince. The list of the most frequent words is given in Table 4. The number of occurrences is very close in all three languages for the following three items of this list, which can be treated as anchor words, namely:

  • n — je, j’, mon, moi, … — I, me, my, …;

  • masadennin — [petit] prince — [little] prince;

  • nka — mais — but.

35Note that in some cases one needs to take inflection into account (i. e., pronominal declension in English and French or possessive marker in English) to obtain a proper mapping between languages. The presented data would be typical for fiction texts, in particular with respect to characters’ names, cf. (Buk & Rovenchak 2007). A preprocessing of texts is required to obtain relevant statistical data before proceeding to the alignment procedure.

Table 4: Number of occurrences of top 25 most frequent words in three language versions of The Little Prince. Possible anchor words are in boldface.

rank

Bamana

French

English

1.

ka

870

le

455

the

977

2.

n

807

de

424

I

544

je, j', mon, moi, ...

758

I, me, my, ...

883

3.

a

710

je

322

to

467

4.

ye

632

et

295

a

411

5.

518

il

267

and

351

6.

tun

403

les

254

of

336

7.

ko

375

un

240

that

322

8.

i

324

la

221

you

310

9.

ni

267

petit

201

is

301

10.

o

267

pas

186

he

297

11.

na

230

à

174

it

264

12.

la

227

ne

171

little

261

13.

222

prince

171

said

195

14.

ten

219

que

164

was

193

15.

193

mais

138

prince['s]

187

16.

ma

188

c'est

136

in

176

17.

masadennin

180

tu

135

my

164

18.

min

177

des

131

not

160

19.

kan

176

dit

125

me

153

20.

don

171

une

122

but

150

21.

167

qui

104

have

141

22.

162

me

103

are

136

23.

nka

145

pour

100

for

135

24.

mɔgɔ

130

ce

98

one

132

25.

u

130

bien

96

his

119

4. Conclusions

36In the present work, we have outlined the online concordance tool with the parallel texts of The Little Prince in Bamana, French, and English. To our knowledge, this is the first project of this sort involving the Bamana language and has a large research potential. The concordance tool is presently freely available in the Internet.

37One can work with the concordance in two modes: the parallel text output and the output of an interlinearized Bamana text. In the parallel text output, different search options are accessible, namely: entire wordform, words starting with/ ending in/ containing a given character sequence, and exact phrase search. The search options in the interlinearized output mode also include part of speech, gloss, and lemma, but not the exact phrase search.

38Presently, the parallel texts in the corpus are aligned by paragraphs, and a simple algorithm to define the position of a corresponding sentence in the French or English text based on the position of the Bamana sentence is suggested. Automated sentence alignment based on the so-called anchor items (most frequent words) is briefly discussed for future applications. Further plans include extending search possibilities to all the language versions as well as adding more texts to the corpus.

39In prospect, the parallel texts in the form of online concordances can be used as a supplementary tool for compiling Bamana–French, Bamana–English and French–Bamana, English–Bamana dictionaries. In particular, such a tool provides word translation equivalents in the context as well as illustration of a word usage. Also, the strategy and tactics of different translators can be discovered.

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Notes

1 http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/hausa/
http://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/deb2/emasters/www/tshwanelex/members/gmds/cv.html

2 http://www.world-lang.osaka-u.ac.jp/user/liccosec/eng/africa/language_02.html

3 http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/uhlcs/readme-all/README-afro-as-nig-con-lgs.html
http://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/deb2/emasters/www/tshwanelex/members/gmds/cv.html

4 http://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/deb2/emasters/www/tshwanelex/members/gmds/cv.html

5 http://cormand.tge-adonis.fr/

6 http://ktf.franko.lviv.ua/~andrij/science/Franko/concordance.html
http://ktf.franko.lviv.ua/~andrij/vai-concord.html

7 http://cwb.sourceforge.net/

8 This electronic version was kindly provided by the Saint-Petersburg group working on the Mande corpus (Valentin Vydrin, Artem Davydov, Anna Erman, Kirill Maslinskiy).

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List of illustrations

Title Fig. 1. The screenshot of the main page of the concordance
URL http://journals.openedition.org/mandenkan/docannexe/image/268/img-1.png
File image/png, 601k
Title Fig. 2. A sample output with three parallel text versions
URL http://journals.openedition.org/mandenkan/docannexe/image/268/img-2.png
File image/png, 721k
Title Fig. 3. A sample output of the interlinearized text
URL http://journals.openedition.org/mandenkan/docannexe/image/268/img-3.png
File image/png, 609k
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References

Bibliographical reference

Andrij Rovenchak and Solomija Buk, Masadennin (The Little Prince in Bamana)Mandenkan, 50 | 2013, 117-130.

Electronic reference

Andrij Rovenchak and Solomija Buk, Masadennin (The Little Prince in Bamana)Mandenkan [Online], 50 | 2013, Online since 01 December 2013, connection on 29 March 2024. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/mandenkan/268; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/mandenkan.268

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About the authors

Andrij Rovenchak

Lviv University

By this author

Solomija Buk

Lviv University

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Copyright

CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0

The text only may be used under licence CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. All other elements (illustrations, imported files) are “All rights reserved”, unless otherwise stated.

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